This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. The two leading Huguenots, Henry of Navarre and his cousin the Prince of Cond (respectively aged 19 and 20), were spared as they pledged to convert to Catholicism; both would eventually renounce their conversions when they managed to escape Paris. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day Start? Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. 3. AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. ), p. 91. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) PDF The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - REFORMATION The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. Venetian Report On The ST Barts Massacre | PDF - Scribd The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.[100]. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Power Point Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. King from 1556 to 1598. Glencoe World History ISBN: 9780133307023 Savvas Learning Co. 971 solutions. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. 1) Purchase valued. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir . For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) Family feuds and confessional choices Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome). "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. 5, From Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Urim 6, Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period 27, Chapter 2 Peoples, Cods, and Empires, 1700-500 B.C.E. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. Gregory XIII (1572 to 1585) Francis Borgia (1510 -1572). Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Wilson. King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . CHP. 14 - WC 102.docx - Giovanni Michiel - St. Bartholomew's Day A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. Lord Acton changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and 3. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. Diefendorf, Barbara B.. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. 32. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. PDF Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557-1572 - JSTOR [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. [95] He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality". The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. The king's Swiss mercenaries were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. D. Priests in the countryside In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by John Calvin in his Readings on the Prophet Daniel, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. 33. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Sculpted Pillar at Gobekli Tepe (c. 10,000 B.C.E.) St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning "The massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day was an affair between neighbors The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. On the pretext of being in Paris when the violence hit his hometown, Rubys declared that '[he] cannot & will not say anything' about these events. "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. This day led to the three Henry's war. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . Jesuit general from 1565 to 1572. Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. The murder of thous We are processing your request. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier.
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