The Spanish colonizers left the area, unable to maintain their outposts, and for almost 150 years, the northern Kankanaey were left in peace; what contact there was between the people of the highlands and the lowlands was indirect. In the Bicol region, there are 2,291 Kakanaey in Aurora; 953 in Camarines Norte; and 1,429 in Sorsogon. The women, on the other hand, wear a tapis, a skirt wrapped around to cover from the waist to the knees held together by a belt (bagket) or tucked in the upper edges usually color white with occasional dark blue color. Slopes of hills or mountains are leveled to allow the houses to be built. . The leadership structure is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. Quezon City: GCF Books. In 1630, Spanish conquistador Juan de Medina included in a list of goods acquired by the highlanders an abnormally large and completely white swine (as cited in Habana 2000, 461). The chanting is a drawling, rather monotonous tune, with words which either have no meaning at all or whose meaning has been obscured by the passage of time, and yet are understood in their entirety because the themes are well known from past and continuing retelling. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. A group from Mankayan, Benguet, called the Indigenous Film Productions, and Tribal Cooperation for Rural Development (Tricord) from Nueva Vizcaya released their first productions in 2007. The only place untouched was a mountaintop where Lumawig and Bangan had sought refuge. Daily production in the Lepanto copper mine in Mankayan, which operated until the end of the war, reached 1,000 tons. AND BEGNAS: Northern Kankanaey Cultural Rites for Well-being and Solidarity. Manteneng is a ritual that begins the planting phase. Swinging songs are rather short and are sung by men or women. Manila: Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc. Casal, Gabriel. 1994. The Spaniards came back in the first part of the 19th century, and established a comandancia de Lepanto (Lepanto military district) in 1852, measuring 2,167 square kilometers, bounded by Abra and Bontoc on the north, Benguet and Nueva Viscaya on the south, Bontoc and Kiangan (Quiangan) on the east, and Tiagan and Amburayan on the west. These are of various types: Baknao, in which the diviner makes use of a coconut shell filled with water. Men also wear a woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the G-string. [7], The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao, western Mountain province, and constitute a linguistic group. Gold Mining in Benguet: 1900-1941. Philippine Studies 49 (1): 3-41. The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. The getap is kept in place with a inandolo, also called wakes and bakget, a belt 7.5 to 15 centimeters wide, made of tightly woven cotton yarn and wound twice around the waist. [9], Musical instruments include the tubular drum (solibao), brass or copper gongs (gangsa), Jew's harp (piwpiw), nose flute (kalaleng), and a bamboo-wood guitar (agaldang). Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the institutionalization of the bodong or peace pact. The Kankanaey who live near streams or close to the water-filled rice terraces catch fish, which is not common fare in the mountains where the diet usually consists of rice, vegetables, and meat. It used to be located right in the middle of a settlement. However, these mainstream films have only perpetuated stereotypes of Igorot communities, including the Kankanaey. They would only do so, they said, if the Supreme Being could make them laugh, and thus the two siblings were tricked into marrying each other. In the Philippines, the Kankanaey, Bontok, Ifugao, and other Cordillera groups were integrated under the new politico-military dispensation. These duties include maintaining and enhancing the status of the family name by successful management of the inherited and acquired property, making the fields and the livestock productive, overseeing the work and securing the welfare of dependents, preparing to host a bayas feast by saving up their resources, and conserving these traditions for the sake of the next generation. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). The manpudpud (wise old women) specialized in curing illness and were gifted with the ability to talk to the spirits. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. Some films include interviews with local folk. The Kankanaey predominantly occupied Mankayan and thus had a monopoly of its copper and gold deposits. Above all, the institution of municipalities as political subunits of provincial governments has almost completely relegated the at-ato to history. They only vary in naming them in their dialect. Most of the northern Kankanaey are located in the southwestern part of Mountain Province and inhabit the municipalities of Besao, Sagada, Tadian, Bauko, and Sabangan. The diviners are called manbaknao, manbuyun, or mansip-ok, depending on the particular medium or method used during the ritual. [1], Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. Tattoo Art. In Filipino Heritage I, edited by Alfredo Roces, 141-145. [A stone]). A Kankanaey individual may belong to two groups of people, the sinpangapo or sinpangabong and the sin-aag-i. There is social stratification in Kankanaey society. The old tradition has not been inflexible. The hand movements are poised downward, suggesting the peoples close affinity to the earth. Or the occasion might be to celebrate a strange event such as lightning striking a tree near a house or near a spot where people have assembled, which is interpreted as Kabunian himself speaking. The kadangyan or baknang (the traditional aristocracy) wielded the biggest influence in their society. Flora and fauna are represented by the sopo, which resemble flowers, and the kulibangbang, which resembles butterflies. Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons. NSO website, 26 April. [11], Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not the main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. At the middle of these two extremes is an intermediate class of independent property holders called komidwa (second rank). One male dancer uses the blanket and the other plays the gangsa, as both turn and twist around, coordinating their movements with the object of pursuit. Moreover, the Benguet area had some of the largest gold and ore deposits, and the Kankanaey and Ibaloy who had settled here had been panning and digging for gold long before the Spaniards arrived on the islands. Their baskets are made of woven rattan, bamboo or anes, and come in various shapes and sizes. They wanted to put life into these pair by making them laugh. Religious Beliefs and Rituals of the Northern Kankana-ey The religion of the Northern Kankana-eys is the worship of ancestors and nature spirits with whom they need to be on excellent terms and which they are careful not to offend. The themes of Kankanaey tales appear to be the following: marriage and family life, social customs and traditions, religious values, beliefs and practices, and tales of magic and imagination. The liblibayan and an-antipakao spirits live in sitios where there are people, while the penten inhabit rivers, springs, and other water bodies. The house has only one entrance, the front door, accessed through a slender detachable ladder. Thoughts? The pakedlan is usually built by the manbunong at one end of the village. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the mans fathers field with a female friend. Kabunian is mainly responsible for the welfare and general well-being of all those he created. [14] Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among the Kankanaey.[15][16]. Jocano, F. L. (1969). The Lepanto Igorot perform this dance primarily during the harvest season. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. Their men wear rectangular woven cloths wrapped around their waist to cover the buttocks and the groin (wanes). The interior consists of a sleeping area, a kitchen with a hearth in one corner, and storage space for utensils. 1989. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Since marriages have always tended to take place within socially homogenous circles, class distinctions have been stabilized over time. Aside from mimetic dances, another form of proto-drama are the rituals where the shaman assumes the role of a spirit or a god. Tarektek (woodpecker) is a courtship dance that imitates the movements of the bird, with a blanket as prop. Their earnings are either spent for education or sent home to support family members for the purchase of household items such as metal tools, kitchenware, cloth, hats, sugar, and salt. The Kankanaeys skirt reaches only down to the knee and is thus shorter than that of the Benguet Ibaloy. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. Bride-price, which used to be a primary consideration in Kankanaey marriages, is no longer as important today. They live in the mountainous regions of . On the other hand, an appeasement ritual called Dilus is offered to the spirits that are easily hurt and cruel. The supernatural world of the Kankanaey is replete with male and female god figures, as well as spirit-beings who comprise a hierarchy of deities under one supreme entity called Kabunian, creator of all beings and living things in the world. Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.). In the Cordillera region, there are 971 of them in Apayao; 28,963 in Baguio; 970 in Ifugao; and 4,350 in Kalinga. In a way, leadership was exercised by the manpudpud because they directed the actions of people and mandated the proper social activities to be undertaken so that social harmony could be restored through the banishment of illness. The Ibaloi occupy the lower and more developed areas of the province, including the Baguio . -A wedding is celebrated with big feasts and many rituals done before and Annusan could stop him only by splitting his magic cane into many pieces, which proceeded to beat him up. [9], Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging (their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day activities to meet their needs. Mankayans copper mines were opened to exploitation by a Spanish mining company. In Central Luzon, there are 4,980 Kakanaey in Nueva Ecija; 18,645 in San Fernando City in La Union; and 3,206 in Tarlac. On the other side, there are benevolent spirits called kading and pinad-ing, invisible spirits usually in human form who protect people from typhoons, misfortune, and epidemics. Today, the rituals are still practiced by the Kankanaey but many have made modern concessions to update these traditions. Demetrio, Francisco, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, and Fernando Zialcita. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. Just like their northern counterparts, there are also two varieties of rice namely kintoman and saranay or bayag. Other minor gods and the ailments they bring include liblibayan, spirits who cause pains in the abdomen; an-antipakao, spirits who create reddish spots all over the body; penten, spirits who cause accidental death; and kakading, souls of the dead who cause colds, headaches, or fever. This is done whenever the bonabon seedlings show telltale signs of withering. Tapey is served to the dancers, who perform in big circles, shuffling, sliding, and hopping. In a village, there could be ten such people, whose qualifications were advanced age, some amount of wealth, and past sponsorship of the bayas ceremony, which was a type of caao. The house itself rests upon a structure consisting of three joists on two girders on four posts. The rites observed in connection with the agricultural cycle are deemed indispensable because the whole success of planting and harvesting, that is, survival itself, may depend entirely on such observance. In the past, social homogeneity in the kadangyan class was made possible by marriages within the class and between kadangyan from different villages. Aguilar-Cario, Ma. In the past, when there were bigger Kankanaey settlements, the at-ato existed as a focal point of communal unity. The basic social unit of the Kankanaey is the family, which consists of the husband, wife, and their young children. Accessed 7 August. Dallas: SIL International. Near this village is a sacred grove of trees used as a place for ritual sacrifices or performances. Indigenous music and traditional instruments will also be part of the training of the youth, Gaplaew said. The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], Kankanaey village by the terraces (SIL International), There are two Kankanaey groups: the northern Kankanaey, also called Lepanto Igorot, and the southern Kankanaey.
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